Types and widths

Types come before names. textus nomen, never nomen: textus.

Everyday types#

reader locale

faber format --locale en — English reader surface

fn nihil_agit() → void {
    print "done"
}

main {
    const string nomen ← "Marcus"
    const int aetas ← 30
    const bool ready ← true
    const list<int> empty ← vacua
    const int ∪ null missing ← null
    print nomen, aetas, ready, empty, missing
    nihil_agit()
}

faber format --locale la — canonical Faber

functio nihil_agit() → vacuum {
    nota "done"
}

incipit {
    fixum textus nomen ← "Marcus"
    fixum numerus aetas ← 30
    fixum bivalens ready ← verum
    fixum lista<numerus> empty ← vacua
    fixum numerus ∪ nihil missing ← nihil
    nota nomen, aetas, ready, empty, missing
    nihil_agit()
}

faber format --locale th-TH — Thai

ฟังก์ชัน nihil_agit() → เปล่า {
    บันทึก "done"
}

เริ่ม {
    คงที่ ข้อความ nomen ← "Marcus"
    คงที่ จำนวน aetas ← 30
    คงที่ ตรรกะ ready ← จริง
    คงที่ รายการ<จำนวน> empty ← เซตว่าง
    คงที่ จำนวน ∪ ว่าง missing ← ว่าง
    บันทึก nomen, aetas, ready, empty, missing
    nihil_agit()
}

faber format --locale zh-Hans — Simplified Chinese

函数 nihil_agit() → 无值 {
    显示 "done"
}

入口 {
    常量 文本 nomen ← "Marcus"
    常量 整数 aetas ← 30
    常量 布尔 ready ← 真
    常量 列表<整数> empty ← 空集
    常量 整数 ∪ 空 missing ← 空
    显示 nomen, aetas, ready, empty, missing
    nihil_agit()
}

faber format --locale zh-Hant — Traditional Chinese

函式 nihil_agit() → 空值 {
    註記 "done"
}

入口 {
    定值 文字 nomen ← "Marcus"
    定值 整數 aetas ← 30
    定值 布林 ready ← 真
    定值 列表<整數> empty ← 空集
    定值 整數 ∪ 空 missing ← 空
    註記 nomen, aetas, ready, empty, missing
    nihil_agit()
}

faber format --locale vi — Vietnamese

hàm nihil_agit() → trống {
    ghi_chú "done"
}

bắt_đầu {
    hằng văn_bản nomen ← "Marcus"
    hằng số aetas ← 30
    hằng logic ready ← đúng
    hằng danh_sách<số> empty ← tập_rỗng
    hằng số ∪ rỗng missing ← rỗng
    ghi_chú nomen, aetas, ready, empty, missing
    nihil_agit()
}

faber format --locale ar — Arabic

دالة nihil_agit() → فراغ {
    اعرض "done"
}

بداية {
    ثابت نص nomen ← "Marcus"
    ثابت عدد aetas ← 30
    ثابت منطقي ready ← صواب
    ثابت قائمة<عدد> empty ← فارغ
    ثابت عدد ∪ لاشيء missing ← لاشيء
    اعرض nomen, aetas, ready, empty, missing
    nihil_agit()
}

faber format --locale hi — Hindi

फलन nihil_agit() → रिक्त {
    दिखाओ "done"
}

आरंभ {
    स्थिर पाठ nomen ← "Marcus"
    स्थिर संख्या aetas ← 30
    स्थिर तार्किक ready ← सत्य
    स्थिर सूची<संख्या> empty ← खाली
    स्थिर संख्या ∪ शून्य missing ← शून्य
    दिखाओ nomen, aetas, ready, empty, missing
    nihil_agit()
}

Type	Is
`string`	text
`int`	a number, default width
`bool`	true / false — `true` / `false`
`void`	the return type of a function that yields no value
`null`	absence — the other half of an optional

Do not confuse void with vacua. void is a type, used as a return annotation. vacua is a value: the empty collection, which is why it seeds lists and tensors above. Binding vacua to something that is not a collection is a compile error.

Numeric widths#

int is the general number. When the width matters, name it directly — these are the same family, spelled precisely.

reader locale

faber format --locale en — English reader surface

main {
    const int<i32> signed ← -7
    const int<u8> byte ← 255
    const f64 wide ← 1.5
    print signed, byte, wide
}

faber format --locale la — canonical Faber

incipit {
    fixum numerus<i32> signed ← -7
    fixum numerus<u8> byte ← 255
    fixum f64 wide ← 1.5
    nota signed, byte, wide
}

faber format --locale th-TH — Thai

เริ่ม {
    คงที่ จำนวน<i32> signed ← -7
    คงที่ จำนวน<u8> byte ← 255
    คงที่ f64 wide ← 1.5
    บันทึก signed, byte, wide
}

faber format --locale zh-Hans — Simplified Chinese

入口 {
    常量 整数<i32> signed ← -7
    常量 整数<u8> byte ← 255
    常量 f64 wide ← 1.5
    显示 signed, byte, wide
}

faber format --locale zh-Hant — Traditional Chinese

入口 {
    定值 整數<i32> signed ← -7
    定值 整數<u8> byte ← 255
    定值 f64 wide ← 1.5
    註記 signed, byte, wide
}

faber format --locale vi — Vietnamese

bắt_đầu {
    hằng số<i32> signed ← -7
    hằng số<u8> byte ← 255
    hằng f64 wide ← 1.5
    ghi_chú signed, byte, wide
}

faber format --locale ar — Arabic

بداية {
    ثابت عدد<i32> signed ← -7
    ثابت عدد<u8> byte ← 255
    ثابت f64 wide ← 1.5
    اعرض signed, byte, wide
}

faber format --locale hi — Hindi

आरंभ {
    स्थिर संख्या<i32> signed ← -7
    स्थिर संख्या<u8> byte ← 255
    स्थिर f64 wide ← 1.5
    दिखाओ signed, byte, wide
}

Family	Widths
Signed	`i8` `i16` `i32` `i64`
Unsigned	`u8` `u16` `u32` `u64`
Floating	`f16` `f32` `f64`

Lists and tables#

reader locale

faber format --locale en — English reader surface

main {
    const list<int> numeri ← [1, 2, 3]
    const map<string, int> aetates ← { "Marcus": 30, "Julia": 28 }
    print numeri[0]
    print aetates["Marcus"]
    print numeri.longitudo()
}

faber format --locale la — canonical Faber

incipit {
    fixum lista<numerus> numeri ← [1, 2, 3]
    fixum tabula<textus, numerus> aetates ← { "Marcus": 30, "Julia": 28 }
    nota numeri[0]
    nota aetates["Marcus"]
    nota numeri.longitudo()
}

faber format --locale th-TH — Thai

เริ่ม {
    คงที่ รายการ<จำนวน> numeri ← [1, 2, 3]
    คงที่ ตาราง<ข้อความ, จำนวน> aetates ← { "Marcus": 30, "Julia": 28 }
    บันทึก numeri[0]
    บันทึก aetates["Marcus"]
    บันทึก numeri.longitudo()
}

faber format --locale zh-Hans — Simplified Chinese

入口 {
    常量 列表<整数> numeri ← [1, 2, 3]
    常量 映射<文本, 整数> aetates ← { "Marcus": 30, "Julia": 28 }
    显示 numeri[0]
    显示 aetates["Marcus"]
    显示 numeri.longitudo()
}

faber format --locale zh-Hant — Traditional Chinese

入口 {
    定值 列表<整數> numeri ← [1, 2, 3]
    定值 表格<文字, 整數> aetates ← { "Marcus": 30, "Julia": 28 }
    註記 numeri[0]
    註記 aetates["Marcus"]
    註記 numeri.longitudo()
}

faber format --locale vi — Vietnamese

bắt_đầu {
    hằng danh_sách<số> numeri ← [1, 2, 3]
    hằng bảng<văn_bản, số> aetates ← { "Marcus": 30, "Julia": 28 }
    ghi_chú numeri[0]
    ghi_chú aetates["Marcus"]
    ghi_chú numeri.longitudo()
}

faber format --locale ar — Arabic

بداية {
    ثابت قائمة<عدد> numeri ← [1, 2, 3]
    ثابت جدول<نص, عدد> aetates ← { "Marcus": 30, "Julia": 28 }
    اعرض numeri[0]
    اعرض aetates["Marcus"]
    اعرض numeri.longitudo()
}

faber format --locale hi — Hindi

आरंभ {
    स्थिर सूची<संख्या> numeri ← [1, 2, 3]
    स्थिर तालिका<पाठ, संख्या> aetates ← { "Marcus": 30, "Julia": 28 }
    दिखाओ numeri[0]
    दिखाओ aetates["Marcus"]
    दिखाओ numeri.longitudo()
}

lista<T> holds many of one type. A map maps keys to values — the { "key": value } form above is inline JSON ascribed to a map type, not a separate map literal, which is why it uses : where Faber's typed construction uses =. Both take type holes and unions as their parameters:

reader locale

faber format --locale en — English reader surface

main {
    const list<string ∪ int> mixed ← [1, "two", 3]
    const list<int> inferred ← [1, 2, 3]
    print mixed, inferred
}

faber format --locale la — canonical Faber

incipit {
    fixum lista<textus ∪ numerus> mixed ← [1, "two", 3]
    fixum lista<numerus> inferred ← [1, 2, 3]
    nota mixed, inferred
}

faber format --locale th-TH — Thai

เริ่ม {
    คงที่ รายการ<ข้อความ ∪ จำนวน> mixed ← [1, "two", 3]
    คงที่ รายการ<จำนวน> inferred ← [1, 2, 3]
    บันทึก mixed, inferred
}

faber format --locale zh-Hans — Simplified Chinese

入口 {
    常量 列表<文本 ∪ 整数> mixed ← [1, "two", 3]
    常量 列表<整数> inferred ← [1, 2, 3]
    显示 mixed, inferred
}

faber format --locale zh-Hant — Traditional Chinese

入口 {
    定值 列表<文字 ∪ 整數> mixed ← [1, "two", 3]
    定值 列表<整數> inferred ← [1, 2, 3]
    註記 mixed, inferred
}

faber format --locale vi — Vietnamese

bắt_đầu {
    hằng danh_sách<văn_bản ∪ số> mixed ← [1, "two", 3]
    hằng danh_sách<số> inferred ← [1, 2, 3]
    ghi_chú mixed, inferred
}

faber format --locale ar — Arabic

بداية {
    ثابت قائمة<نص ∪ عدد> mixed ← [1, "two", 3]
    ثابت قائمة<عدد> inferred ← [1, 2, 3]
    اعرض mixed, inferred
}

faber format --locale hi — Hindi

आरंभ {
    स्थिर सूची<पाठ ∪ संख्या> mixed ← [1, "two", 3]
    स्थिर सूची<संख्या> inferred ← [1, 2, 3]
    दिखाओ mixed, inferred
}

Tensors#

A tensor carries an element type and a shape. vacua seeds an empty one; strue builds a shaped tensor from flat values.

reader locale

faber format --locale en — English reader surface

main {
    const list<f32> flat ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
    const tensor<f32, []> seed ← vacua
    const tensor<f32, [2, 3]> m ← seed.strue(flat, [2, 3])
    print m.media()
}

faber format --locale la — canonical Faber

incipit {
    fixum lista<f32> flat ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
    fixum tensor<f32, []> seed ← vacua
    fixum tensor<f32, [2, 3]> m ← seed.strue(flat, [2, 3])
    nota m.media()
}

faber format --locale th-TH — Thai

เริ่ม {
    คงที่ รายการ<f32> flat ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
    คงที่ เทนเซอร์<f32, []> seed ← เซตว่าง
    คงที่ เทนเซอร์<f32, [2, 3]> m ← seed.strue(flat, [2, 3])
    บันทึก m.media()
}

faber format --locale zh-Hans — Simplified Chinese

入口 {
    常量 列表<f32> flat ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
    常量 张量<f32, []> seed ← 空集
    常量 张量<f32, [2, 3]> m ← seed.strue(flat, [2, 3])
    显示 m.media()
}

faber format --locale zh-Hant — Traditional Chinese

入口 {
    定值 列表<f32> flat ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
    定值 張量<f32, []> seed ← 空集
    定值 張量<f32, [2, 3]> m ← seed.strue(flat, [2, 3])
    註記 m.media()
}

faber format --locale vi — Vietnamese

bắt_đầu {
    hằng danh_sách<f32> flat ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
    hằng ten_xo<f32, []> seed ← tập_rỗng
    hằng ten_xo<f32, [2, 3]> m ← seed.strue(flat, [2, 3])
    ghi_chú m.media()
}

faber format --locale ar — Arabic

بداية {
    ثابت قائمة<f32> flat ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
    ثابت موتر<f32, []> seed ← فارغ
    ثابت موتر<f32, [2, 3]> m ← seed.strue(flat, [2, 3])
    اعرض m.media()
}

faber format --locale hi — Hindi

आरंभ {
    स्थिर सूची<f32> flat ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
    स्थिर टेंसर<f32, []> seed ← खाली
    स्थिर टेंसर<f32, [2, 3]> m ← seed.strue(flat, [2, 3])
    दिखाओ m.media()
}

Shape sugar#

tf32[2, 3] is sugar for tensor<f32, [2, 3]> — same type, shorter to read in a signature.

reader locale

faber format --locale en — English reader surface

fn medium(tensor<f32, [2, 3]> m) → f32 {
    return m.media()
}

main {
    const list<f32> flat ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
    const tensor<f32, []> seed ← vacua
    const tensor<f32, [2, 3]> m ← seed.strue(flat, [2, 3])
    print medium(m)
}

faber format --locale la — canonical Faber

functio medium(tensor<f32, [2, 3]> m) → f32 {
    redde m.media()
}

incipit {
    fixum lista<f32> flat ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
    fixum tensor<f32, []> seed ← vacua
    fixum tensor<f32, [2, 3]> m ← seed.strue(flat, [2, 3])
    nota medium(m)
}

faber format --locale th-TH — Thai

ฟังก์ชัน medium(เทนเซอร์<f32, [2, 3]> m) → f32 {
    คืน m.media()
}

เริ่ม {
    คงที่ รายการ<f32> flat ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
    คงที่ เทนเซอร์<f32, []> seed ← เซตว่าง
    คงที่ เทนเซอร์<f32, [2, 3]> m ← seed.strue(flat, [2, 3])
    บันทึก medium(m)
}

faber format --locale zh-Hans — Simplified Chinese

函数 medium(张量<f32, [2, 3]> m) → f32 {
    返回 m.media()
}

入口 {
    常量 列表<f32> flat ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
    常量 张量<f32, []> seed ← 空集
    常量 张量<f32, [2, 3]> m ← seed.strue(flat, [2, 3])
    显示 medium(m)
}

faber format --locale zh-Hant — Traditional Chinese

函式 medium(張量<f32, [2, 3]> m) → f32 {
    傳回 m.media()
}

入口 {
    定值 列表<f32> flat ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
    定值 張量<f32, []> seed ← 空集
    定值 張量<f32, [2, 3]> m ← seed.strue(flat, [2, 3])
    註記 medium(m)
}

faber format --locale vi — Vietnamese

hàm medium(ten_xo<f32, [2, 3]> m) → f32 {
    trả m.media()
}

bắt_đầu {
    hằng danh_sách<f32> flat ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
    hằng ten_xo<f32, []> seed ← tập_rỗng
    hằng ten_xo<f32, [2, 3]> m ← seed.strue(flat, [2, 3])
    ghi_chú medium(m)
}

faber format --locale ar — Arabic

دالة medium(موتر<f32, [2, 3]> m) → f32 {
    أعد m.media()
}

بداية {
    ثابت قائمة<f32> flat ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
    ثابت موتر<f32, []> seed ← فارغ
    ثابت موتر<f32, [2, 3]> m ← seed.strue(flat, [2, 3])
    اعرض medium(m)
}

faber format --locale hi — Hindi

फलन medium(टेंसर<f32, [2, 3]> m) → f32 {
    लौटाओ m.media()
}

आरंभ {
    स्थिर सूची<f32> flat ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
    स्थिर टेंसर<f32, []> seed ← खाली
    स्थिर टेंसर<f32, [2, 3]> m ← seed.strue(flat, [2, 3])
    दिखाओ medium(m)
}

Vectors#

vector<T, N> is a fixed-width vector, with vf32[N] as its sugar. Build one by converting a literal — the conversion is what fixes the width.

reader locale

faber format --locale en — English reader surface

main {
    const vector<f32, 4> v ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0] ↦ vector<f32, 4>
    print v
}

faber format --locale la — canonical Faber

incipit {
    fixum vector<f32, 4> v ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0] ↦ vector<f32, 4>
    nota v
}

faber format --locale th-TH — Thai

เริ่ม {
    คงที่ เวกเตอร์<f32, 4> v ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0] ↦ เวกเตอร์<f32, 4>
    บันทึก v
}

faber format --locale zh-Hans — Simplified Chinese

入口 {
    常量 向量<f32, 4> v ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0] ↦ 向量<f32, 4>
    显示 v
}

faber format --locale zh-Hant — Traditional Chinese

入口 {
    定值 向量<f32, 4> v ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0] ↦ 向量<f32, 4>
    註記 v
}

faber format --locale vi — Vietnamese

bắt_đầu {
    hằng vectơ<f32, 4> v ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0] ↦ vectơ<f32, 4>
    ghi_chú v
}

faber format --locale ar — Arabic

بداية {
    ثابت متجه<f32, 4> v ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0] ↦ متجه<f32, 4>
    اعرض v
}

faber format --locale hi — Hindi

आरंभ {
    स्थिर सदिश<f32, 4> v ← [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0] ↦ सदिश<f32, 4>
    दिखाओ v
}

Naming a type#

typus gives a type another name.

reader locale

faber format --locale en — English reader surface

type Nomen = string

type Puncta = list<int>

main {
    const string n ← "Marcus"
    const list<int> p ← [1, 2, 3]
    print n, p
}

faber format --locale la — canonical Faber

typus Nomen = textus

typus Puncta = lista<numerus>

incipit {
    fixum textus n ← "Marcus"
    fixum lista<numerus> p ← [1, 2, 3]
    nota n, p
}

faber format --locale th-TH — Thai

ชนิดนามแฝง Nomen = ข้อความ

ชนิดนามแฝง Puncta = รายการ<จำนวน>

เริ่ม {
    คงที่ ข้อความ n ← "Marcus"
    คงที่ รายการ<จำนวน> p ← [1, 2, 3]
    บันทึก n, p
}

faber format --locale zh-Hans — Simplified Chinese

类型 Nomen = 文本

类型 Puncta = 列表<整数>

入口 {
    常量 文本 n ← "Marcus"
    常量 列表<整数> p ← [1, 2, 3]
    显示 n, p
}

faber format --locale zh-Hant — Traditional Chinese

型別 Nomen = 文字

型別 Puncta = 列表<整數>

入口 {
    定值 文字 n ← "Marcus"
    定值 列表<整數> p ← [1, 2, 3]
    註記 n, p
}

faber format --locale vi — Vietnamese

kiểu_tên Nomen = văn_bản

kiểu_tên Puncta = danh_sách<số>

bắt_đầu {
    hằng văn_bản n ← "Marcus"
    hằng danh_sách<số> p ← [1, 2, 3]
    ghi_chú n, p
}

faber format --locale ar — Arabic

نمط Nomen = نص

نمط Puncta = قائمة<عدد>

بداية {
    ثابت نص n ← "Marcus"
    ثابت قائمة<عدد> p ← [1, 2, 3]
    اعرض n, p
}

faber format --locale hi — Hindi

प्रकार Nomen = पाठ

प्रकार Puncta = सूची<संख्या>

आरंभ {
    स्थिर पाठ n ← "Marcus"
    स्थिर सूची<संख्या> p ← [1, 2, 3]
    दिखाओ n, p
}

Records#

class declares a record. Fields are type-first, like everything else.

reader locale

faber format --locale en — English reader surface

class Persona {
    string nomen
    int aetas
}

main {
    const Persona p ← Persona {nomen = "Marcus", aetas = 30}
    print p.nomen, p.aetas
}

faber format --locale la — canonical Faber

genus Persona {
    textus nomen
    numerus aetas
}

incipit {
    fixum Persona p ← Persona {nomen = "Marcus", aetas = 30}
    nota p.nomen, p.aetas
}

faber format --locale th-TH — Thai

ชนิด Persona {
    ข้อความ nomen
    จำนวน aetas
}

เริ่ม {
    คงที่ Persona p ← Persona {nomen = "Marcus", aetas = 30}
    บันทึก p.nomen, p.aetas
}

faber format --locale zh-Hans — Simplified Chinese

类 Persona {
    文本 nomen
    整数 aetas
}

入口 {
    常量 Persona p ← Persona {nomen = "Marcus", aetas = 30}
    显示 p.nomen, p.aetas
}

faber format --locale zh-Hant — Traditional Chinese

類型 Persona {
    文字 nomen
    整數 aetas
}

入口 {
    定值 Persona p ← Persona {nomen = "Marcus", aetas = 30}
    註記 p.nomen, p.aetas
}

faber format --locale vi — Vietnamese

kiểu Persona {
    văn_bản nomen
    số aetas
}

bắt_đầu {
    hằng Persona p ← Persona {nomen = "Marcus", aetas = 30}
    ghi_chú p.nomen, p.aetas
}

faber format --locale ar — Arabic

صنف Persona {
    نص nomen
    عدد aetas
}

بداية {
    ثابت Persona p ← Persona {nomen = "Marcus", aetas = 30}
    اعرض p.nomen, p.aetas
}

faber format --locale hi — Hindi

वर्ग Persona {
    पाठ nomen
    संख्या aetas
}

आरंभ {
    स्थिर Persona p ← Persona {nomen = "Marcus", aetas = 30}
    दिखाओ p.nomen, p.aetas
}

Related: Bindings · Conversions · Types and values