Radix 0.4.0

Install this version#

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Release notes#

Major feature release spanning 120 commits (v0.3.0..v0.4.0). Introduces multi-language codegen targets (TypeScript, Python, Zig, Rust, WASM, C++), a beginnings of a type system with genus/pactum/ordo, Latin keyword syntax for control flow and error handling, an error catalog system, comprehensive documentation, and reorganized project structure.

Scale#

Major tracks#

Codegen: multi-target architecture#

Target-first codegen restructure (7d73a5d9e). Each target gets its own directory under fons/codegen/ with a norma/ subdirectory for stdlib method translations. The codegen router dispatches by target type.

Skeleton targets scafolded for Python, Ruby, C++, and WASM alongside the existing TypeScript and Zig targets (30c418784). Ruby is replaced by Rust shortly after (3f9eacae0).

Codegen target checklist (14c4d7baf) provides a comprehensive feature matrix tracking implementation status across all targets.

Target design documents created in consilia/codegen/:

• TypeScript design doc (4a59d8da6)
• Zig design doc (4a59d8da6)
• Rust design doc (4a59d8da6)
• Python codegen doc (0f5120fea)
• C++23 design doc (0f5120fea)

Type system: genus, pactum, ordo#

Genus (struct) system:

• Genus instantiation with novum and cum overrides (e26b33ce7)
• Auto-merge constructor with creo() no-args post-init hook (f42f733b2)
• Field defaults use colon syntax (7e4a5d1e2)
• Auto-merge constructor documented (a393e6513)

Ordo (enum):

• Full enum implementation for TypeScript with numeric/string values and auto-increment (fb1dc43f3)

Pactum (interface):

• Clarified that pactum enforcement happens in the semantic analyzer at compile time, similar to TypeScript→JavaScript type erasure (1fdb46339)

Lowercase type convention:

• All type names now lowercase (textus, numerus, etc.), matching classical Latin which had no case distinction (3f62c4b9d)
• Tree-sitter grammar regenerated for lowercase types (1f3937fa2)

New types:

• objectum type for object literals (908a780b9, 2990dca59)
• Numeric types documented: numerus (i64), fractus (f64), decimus (arbitrary precision) (73c0565d3, 429297abf)
• bytes (bytes) primitive type for raw binary data (249a4f99f)
• Array shorthand syntax T[] desugars to Lista<T> (6658f3b2d)

Type system removals:

• Latin type modifiers removed (naturalis, proprius, alienus, mutabilis) in favor of size-parametrized numerus (44ef54804)

Fixes:

• bool nominative for 3rd declension lookup (f1f0b6caf)
• User-defined types in function parameters now parse correctly (3158d20d0)

Core language keywords and syntax#

Equality and comparison operators:

• is for strict equality (4be072e74)
• non est for strict inequality (1305c4e98)
• negativum / positivum unary checks (4be072e74)

Conditionals:

• Ternary expression with sic/else Latin keywords (8597060a8)
• elif keyword as alias for aliter si (09870dc14)
• else keyword as alias for aliter (7df54d8d9)
• switch now emits if/else chains instead of switch (0b37f643e)
• quando keyword removed as redundant with elige→if/else (e4a01d2a9)

Lambda and block syntax:

• do keyword for block scoping with error handling (8ededfc17, 1b7b58564)
• Lambda syntax evolves: fac x fit expr → pro x redde expr (84e93c211)
• Block body support for lambda expressions (e852bfe4a)
• fit as Latin alias for return type arrow (2b6fbe18b)

Control flow:

• break/continue (break/continue) implemented for TypeScript (8195980ef)
• mori (fatal/panic) distinct from iace (recoverable) (946b013c0)
• debug and warn output keywords for debug/warn levels (0cac3b51c)
• Verb conjugation on loop syntax: ex items fit item / ex items fiet item (4713b8001)

Async and iteration:

• Unified cede replaces exspecta for both await and yield (66c640268, b01f386f1)
• cede ex for yield delegation (8f98ecf92)
• Generator syntax: cursor functio / fluxus functio (bc8b1c514)
• Pipeline syntax: ex...per...pro for inline transformation chains (1fc30d9e5)
• Range expressions now inclusive on both ends (395d9d4b4)

Events:

• emitte keyword for event emission (6f53f2ba1)
• ausculta keyword for event stream subscription (d2ad18de0)

Destructuring and ownership:

• ex...fixum/varia destructuring syntax (e9aedde8e)
• ref/mut ownership prepositions for systems targets (6405c2a80)
• Scope-based arena syntax: fac arena replaces cum arena (667e31617)

Verb conjugation system:

• cum prefix pattern replaced with Latin verb conjugation that encodes mutability and async in verb forms (71452a5de)
• Verb conjugation documented for async/iterator semantics (6eecf9aac)

Error handling model#

Two-tier error model: iace for recoverable errors, mori for fatal/panic (946b013c0). fac/cape for block-level error handling with demum only available on TS/Python targets (1b7b58564).

Error catalog system (b7506fdf7): Phase-prefixed error codes (P/S/L for parser/semantic/lexer), structured error interfaces with code/text/help fields, and comprehensive compiler-rules.md coding guidelines.

Obsoleta: Remove fors<T> result type — superseded by iace/mori/cape model (26ea529ac).

Codegen target implementations#

TypeScript:

• Collection method registries for lista (50+), tabula (17), copia (14) (a9b723630)
• Collection method dispatch using semantic type info (3c6b46471)
• Preamble infrastructure with feature tracking (564ca4543, 586787af7)
• nexum (reactive binding) implementation (0338fc490)
• figendum/variandum async bindings and tempus stdlib (d2744537f)
• ordo (enum) implementation (fb1dc43f3)
• privatus keyword for private fields (5d13cf9a9)
• Preamble system design doc (586787af7)

Python 3.10+: Full codegen implementation including type mappings, all statement/expression generators, 30 lista method translations, and 72 passing tests (c8085bb5e).

Zig:

• OOP support: genus→struct, pactum→duck-typed doc, ego→self (8a5885224)
• Non-applicable features marked: generators, tempta/demum (582e94b94)
• Zig-specific target notes documented (63b48ed24)

Rust: Ruby target renamed to Rust with ownership/lifetime-aware generator skeleton (3f9eacae0).

Ownership and memory design (Rust/Zig)#

Latin preposition-based ownership (40a61b1f6): No preposition = owned, ref = borrowed (&T), mut = mutable borrow (&mut T). Maps Rust ownership to Latin grammatical cases.

Lifetime design (c41390721): ref on return type ties to input lifetimes, mirroring Rust's elision rules — no explicit lifetime names needed.

Async/generator restriction (c4178ae3b): Borrowed returns (ref) only allowed with fit (sync), not fiet (async), matching Rust's fundamental constraint.

Unified memory management: Arena allocation as default strategy across both Rust (bumpalo) and Zig (ArenaAllocator) (5e44621a6).

Collection DSL and stdlib#

Collection DSL:

• Unary predicates documented (ebab36bc6 — hash ebabi36bc6)
• Collection DSL and loops unified under from syntax (849311284)
• Prefix operations with comma chaining (1dcb05300)
• Closure syntax design: three levels of expressiveness (fdf81ab78)
• Lodash-inspired methods: ordina, congrega, unica, plana, and many more (570d7b6b7)

Stdlib skeleton types: lista, tabula, copia, promissum (d074c70f2).

Name collision resolution across stdlib docs (5298d0afe): copia→duplica, iunge→ws.aperi, ausculta→servi, intervallum→series, dele→erade.

Documentation#

Thesis:

• Project purpose and lowercase convention rationale (093819811)
• "Code for a New Reader" section articulating word-over-symbol approach (033034077)

Design docs created:

• Types design: genus, pactum, syntax (b222c856d)
• Collections, async, and iteration (ccddcaa6e, 570d7b6b7)
• Stdlib and binding design: caelum, tempus, solum, vincula (7e7dd8938)
• Event system: eventus.md (6f53f2ba1, d2ad18de0)
• File I/O: fasciculus.md (dec77a89d)
• Network, crypto, compression, encoding: caelum, crypto, comprimo, codex (249a4f99f)
• Resource management: cura.md (249a4f99f)
• Iteration implementation status (7b31a17a9, 6ec83af25)
• Gap analysis: checklist vs consilia across ~190 features (0f7036953)
• Preamble system design (586787af7)
• Clausura design document (84e93c211)
• Codegen principles (0b37f643e)
• Project thesis rendering (3c9179d4e)

Design consistency audit (615c7e277): Range syntax, lambda syntax, ref/mut ownership annotations, async gerundives, promise combinator naming.

Vincula.md updated to be sync/async agnostic (35449828a).

Project structure#

• Stdlib moved from fons/stdlib/ to arca/ at project root (9371c1010)
• consilia/ directory created for planning documents (093819811)
• Exempla reorganized into logical subdirectories with 33 focused files (8a38e97f6)
• arca/ removed — outdated and superseded by codegen intrinsics (99669c6d4)
• Preamble checklist relocated to consilia/codegen/ (586787af7)

Grammar and editor tooling#

• Tree-sitter grammar synced with AST: ordo, genus, pactum, rumpe/perge, fac, emitte, ausculta, lambda, ternary (623784a85)
• Prettier printer synced with all AST node types (623784a85)
• check:ast script detects out-of-sync grammars (e03fe65d4)
• Prettier and tree-sitter test coverage (005b89bfe)

Compiler infrastructure#

• Error catalog system with phase-prefixed codes (b7506fdf7)
• Semantic type checking for nulla/nonnulla, comparisons, and arrays (b6b96cd12)
• Type safety fixes: MemberExpression property type, lexicon data deduplication (419e05fea, a29447e5b)
• Formatting passes: codebase format, prettier, lint (78d20e406, 5d8dbb2ed, 2ade016d9)
• ESLint rules relaxed for generated exempla code (4fc11685b)
• Build script: always rebuild faber to avoid stale executable (e852bfe4a)

Test coverage#

• 192 new tests across all compiler phases (210→402, +91%) (d005dd80b)
• Focus on edge cases, error recovery (28 malformed syntax tests), boundary values, and unicode
• 96.5% pass rate (388/402), 14 .todo() tests documenting known gaps
• All 42 exempla .fab files fixed to compile successfully (f4ca48736)

Other changes#

• Lambda syntax exempla updated for pro and inclusive ranges (3e4948d19)
• Errores.fab created, fac/cape content moved from clausura.fab (57fb59514)
• format script simplified to .ts only (78d20e406)
• Automatic formatter run on exempla and compiler source (aa99b2c07)
• Codegen style improvements: constructor braces, public-by-default fields (5d13cf9a9)

Breaking / author-visible#

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